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Course Outline for Biomedical Engineering
BM101 HUMAN ANATOMY
(3+1)
Introduction
and description of terms : Anatomy and its branches;
Anatomical positions; Anatomical planes; Anatomical topography;
Relative “Positional” terms; “motional”
terms.
Lower Extremity : Bones
(pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula foot bones); Thigh muscles
(anterior, posterior) (Names, structure, insertion, origin,
function); Function of ligaments tendons, bursae, reticulae,
capsules, arteries, veins, lymphatics.
Upper Extremity : Bones
(shoulder girdle, humerus, radius, ulna, wrist bones);
Arm, shoulder muscles (including trapezius, latissimus).
Thorax - Thoracic Viscera :
Suface anatomy; bones surface musculature; lungs; heart;
back / soinal cord/nervous systems.
Anatomy of Head and Neck:
Abdomen : Organs ( gut, pancreas, spleen
kidneys, bladder, reproductive organs in male/female). (Learn
location, shapes, and function).
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| BM102 BIOCHEMISTRY
(3 + 1) Physio Chemical
Phenomena of Importance in Biochemistry : Colloidal
state; buffer; pH; significance of pH Handerson Hasalblach
equation; surface tension; viscosity; osmosis; diffusion;
concept of chromatographic techniques (TLC, paper chromatography,
GLC column chromatography, etc.).
Chemistry and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
: Classification: mono-saccharides, disaccharides,
poly-saccharides; carbohydrates derivatives; optical activity;
cynhyctrin synthesis; polacimetry; glycogenesis; gluconeogenesis;
glycolysis; tricarboxylic acid cycle; hexose monophosphate
shunt; Effect of hormones on carbohydrate metabolism.
Chemistry and Metabolism of Lipids.
Chemistry and Metabolism of Protein.
Vitamins.
Hormones.
Enzymes.
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| BM103 ENGINEERING
MECHANICS (3+1) Statics
: General principles of Statics, laws of triangle,
Parallelogram and polygon forces, Equilibrium of rigid
body, Free body Diagrams. Methods of Joints and section
for force analysis. Sheer force and bending moments. Application
of these forces with analysis in human body.
Dynamics : Rectilinear
and curvilinear motion, Simple harmonic motion, Simple
and multiple degrees of freedom, Kinematics. Application
of these motions in human body and Bio-medical machines.
Thermodynamics : Work, Energy and Power,
thermal efficiency and heat, Carnot cycle, Stirling cycle,
Reversible Process and cycles, Thermodynamic equilibrium,
Heat transfer, Radiation. Application of cycles, Heat Transfer
& Radiation in Bio-medical equipment.
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BM111
BIOPHYSICS (3 + 1)
Sound, Hearing and Echolocation, Ultrasound. Optics
of Vision; Quantum Nature of Vision. Biophysics of Neural
Spike. Information theory and Memory; Nervous system.
Conformational analysis and forces that determine protein
and nucleic acid structure.
Radiation and Radiobiology: Interaction of radiation
with matter, Biological effects of radiation, radiobiological
effects of radiation, medical imaging using radio-isotopes.
Origin of Biopotentials, electrocardiograms and electric
shocks : Fundamental laws for current in biological tissues,
Biopotentials in hearts, electrocardiogram, Action potentials
in nervous system.
Bioenergatics: Thermodynamics principles : First law (energy,
enthalpy), Second law of Thermodynamics. Free energy,
chemical equilibrium. Thermodynamics of phosphate compounds
(phosphoryl transfer reactions), role of ATP for biological
energy transfer, thermodynamics of life.
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BM112
INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS (3 + 1)
Introduction to Electronics : Its
importance in BME. Atomic Theory and Semiconductor Principles.
Bohr’s Model, Electron Orbit and Energy, Electron
Energy in Solids: Energy Bands, Conductor, Insulator
and Semiconductor, covalent Bonding in Semiconductors,
types of Semiconductor. Intrinsic Semiconductor, Extrinsic
Semiconductor, p-type and n-type Extrinsic Semiconductor,
Two Types of Current flow.
Semiconductor Diodes : pn junction
Diode, Schematic Symbol, Biasing of a Diode, Unbiased
Diode, Forward Bias Diode, Reverse Bias Diode, Diode
curve, Forward Region, Reverse Region, Diode Approximation,
First Approximation (The ideal Diode), Second Approximation,
Third Approximation, Selecting an Approximation, Diode
Resistances: Bulk Resistance, Dynamic Resistance, Diode
Load Line.
Special Purpose Diodes : Zener Diodes,
Avalanche Diodes, Schottky Diodes, Varactor Diodes,
Power Diodes, Tunnel Diodes, Photo Diode, Photo Conductive
Cell, Light Emitting Diodes, Solar Cell.
Diode Application : Diode Clipper,
Diode Clamper, Half Wave Rectifier, Full Wave Rectifier,
Bridge Rectifier, Capacitor input Filter, Zener Regulator,
Calculating other Quantities, Peak-to-peak Detector.
Bipolar Junction Transistor : Introduction,
Transistor Construction, Types of Transistor, Unbiased
Transistor, Biased Transistor, Transistor Biasing Configurations,
Common Emitter, Common Base, Common Collector, Transistor
Approximations.
Transistor Operation : Load Line and
Operating Point, Transistor Saturation, Transistor Biasing,
voltage-divider Bias (VDB), VDB Analysis, VDB Load Line
and Q-Point, Two Supply Emitter Bias, Emitter Feedback
Bias, Collector Feedback Bias.
Transistor Amplifier Principles : Introduction,
Reproduction and Amplification, Bias and Signal Components,
Voltage, Current and Power Gains, Voltage Amplifier Representation,
Amplifier Analysis Procedure, Coupling Capacitor, Cascaded
Amplifiers.
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BM105
BIOMEDICAL COMPUTING (3+1)
The logical principles of programming, language semantic
foundations and the key role of data abstraction, control
and state of language, categories of programming languages,
languages building blocks, loop structures and their implementations,
decision making control structures, functions and their
types, arrays and strings, pointers and their arithmetic,
structures and union, graphic functions, advanced variables
and project making, files and their control. Relation
of low level languages programming used in Bio-medical
Equipment. With languages like “C” & Basic.
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| BM201 PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES - 1 (3+1) Introduction
to Physiology : The Cell and General Physiology:
Functional organization of human body and control of the
internal environment: the Cell and its function, protein
synthesis and cell reproduction: Metabolism of carbohydrates
and formation of ATP: Lipid and Protein Metabolism: transport
through the Cell membrane.
Human physiology from a system’s
view point : Quantitative issues at the organ
and whole body levels of:
a) Cardiovascular
b) respiratory
c) renal and
d) digestive systems.
Nerve, and Muscle :
Membrane potential, Action potential, Excitation and Rhythmicity.
contraction of Skeletal and cardiac muscles, Sliding filament
Mechanism, Heart as a pump.
Sensory Systems:
1. Sensory Receptors: Classification
and basic mechanism of action.
2. Somatic Sensations : Mechanoreceptive
sensations, pain, thermal and visceral pain, headache.
3. Special Senses: the Eye: Optics
of vision, receptor function of the retina, Neurophysiology
of Vision: the Chemical Sense-taste and smell.
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| BM202 BIOMEDICAL
ELECTRONICS-1 (3+1) Field
Effect Transistors : Construction & Characteristics
of JFETs, Depletion & Enhancement type MOSFETs, VMOS
& CMOS.
FET Biasing Techniques :
Fixed Bias & Self Bias Configuration, Votlage Divider
Biasing, Universal JFET Bias Curve.
BJT Small Signal Analysis : CE
Emitter Bias Configuration, Collector Feedback Configuration,
Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuits, Complete Hybrid
Equivalent Model.
FET Small Signal Analysis :
FET Small Signal Model, AC Equivalent Circuits, Source
Follower & Common gate Circuits, Design of JFET Amplifier
Circuits.
Discrete Components & IC
Manufacturing Techniques : Discrete Diodes, Transistor
Fabrication, Integrated Circuits, Monolithic Integrated
Circuits, Monolithic Circuit Elements, Masks, Thin &
Thick-Film Integrated Circuits, Hybrid Integrated Circuits.
BIO ELECTRIC PHENOMENA :
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| BM203 BIO MECHANICS
(3 + 1) Fluid Mechanics
: Joint - articulation surface motion, Geometry
of the Articulating surface
LUBRICATION : Hydrodynamics
lubrication theories, Transition from hydrodynamics to
boundary lubrication, Theory on the lubrication of natural
and normal synovial joint. Stress analysis of simple elements
application to musculoskeletal system.
Mathematical Models of Human
response to Acceleration : Articulated Total
- Body Model, MADYMO Model, DRISIM / PASSIM Model cochlear
and Vestibular Mechanics.
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| BM211 PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES - II (3+1) The
Nervous System : Organization of Nervous System,
Basic functions of synapses ; Neuronal Mechanism and circuits
for processing information.
Motor Functions of the spinal cord and
the cord reflexes; the cerebral cortex and intellectual
functions of the Brain. Motor function of the Brain stem,
Vestibular control of postural reflexes, Cerebrum, and
basal ganglia, reticular formation.
Behavioral functions of the Brain
: the Limbic System, role of the Hypothalamus,
and control of the vegetative functions of the body; the
Autonomic nervous system; the Adrenal Medulla. Electrical
Activity from Brain: Activation of the Brain - the wakefulness
and sleep.
Endocrinology and Reporduction
: Introduction to Endocrinology and the pitituary
Hormones; Hormonal functions in male and female.
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BM212
BIO-MEDICAL ELECTRONICS II (3 + 1)
Fundamentals of Ideal Operational Amplifier; Op-Amps with
Negative Feedback; Current to Voltage Conversion; Voltage
to Current Conversion; Differentiator & Integrator;
Single supply biasing & Norton amplifiers; Audio Op-Amp:
Devices & Applications; Voltage & Current Regulators;
Precision Rectifiers; peak detector; Comparators; Clampers;
Sample & Hold circuit; Logarithmic & Antilogarithmic
amplifiers; Active Filters; Analog to Digital & Digital
to Analog Conversion; Phase Lock Loop. Electrodes in BME.
Filtering of BM signals (in reference to OP-amp). CMRR.
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BM213
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3 + 1)
Boolean Algebra : Boolean Algebra
& Logic Gates, Boolean Functions Canonical &
Standard Forms, Digital Logic Gates.
Digital Logic Families in Biomedical Equipment
: RTL & DTL Circuits, integrated Injection
Logic, Transistor-Transistor Logic, Emitter Coupled
Logic, MOS & CMOS.
Simpilification of Boolean Function :
Map Method, NAND & NOR Implementation, Don’t
Care Conditions, the Tabulation Method.
Combinational Logic related to Biomedical Equipment
: Design procedure, adders, subtractors, code
conversion analysis procedure, multilevel NAND & NOR
circuits, exclusive - OR & equivalence functions.
Binary parallel adder, decimal adders, magnitude comparator,
decoder, multiplexer, programmable logic array frequently
used in Biomedical equipment.
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| BM214
APPLICATION OF DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG.
(3+1) Sequential Logic
Circuits : Flip flop, triggering of flip-flop,
state reduction & assignment, design procedure, design
of counters, design of state condition.
Registers, Counters and the Memory
Unit : Inter-register transfer, shift registers,
conditional control statements, overflow, decimal &
floating point data, non decimal data, Modulus N counters,
memories, ROM EPROM, PROM, and RAM, dynamic RAM.
Introduction to Microprocessors
: SAP -1, SAP-2, SAP-3 Architecture, instruction
set & programming of SAP processors, idea of microprogramming.
Digital circuits used in Biomedical equipment.
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| BM301
APPLICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3+1)
Brief History of 8/16-Bit Micro
Processors : 8086/8088 processors, architecture,
software model, hardware model, memory & 8088 processor.
Programming model of 8088 :
Data formats, instruction set of 8088, addressing modes,
data movement instructions, arithmetic & logic instructions,
program control instructions.
8088 Hardware Specifications
: Pinouts & pin functions, clock generator
(8284A), bus buffering & latching, bus timing, minimim
mode versus maximum mode.
Interfacing Techniques :
Memory interfaces, basis I/O interface, programmable keyboard/
display controller 8279, programmable interval counter
8254, serial interface of 8088, UART 8250 USART 8251,
RS 232C interface, interrupt structure.
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BM302
BIO-MEDICAL ELECTRONICS - III (3+1)
Application of electronics used in medical equipment for
energy conversion & control, characteristics of power
semiconductor devices, Phase controlled rectifier/Inverter
circuits, step down & step up choppers. Two quadrant
chopper, DC Link Inverter, single phase cycloconverter,
three phase cycloconverter, thyristor controlled V A R
Controllers, speed control of D.C & A.C motor. Biomedical
Drive; D.C Drives, A.C Drives stepper motor Drive; Biomedical
transducers. Position, Speed, Temperature, light &
Pressure transducers. Programmable logic controller. Definition
of a PLC. I/O interfaces, memory processor, programming
languages and device application in Biomedical Engineering.
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| BM303
FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS (3+1) Introduction
: Feedback Concept & Modeling, Control System
Terminology, Translational & Rotational Mechanical
Components, Analogies, Block Diagram Reduction.
Feed back in Biological Systems
: Its importance. Regulation of body fluids.
Temperature regulation. Comparison of reflexes with feedback.
Stability Analysis :
Transfer Function & Stability Analysis : Transfer
Function & Stability, Stability Testing, Routh Hurwitz
Criterion.
Root Locus : Root Locus
Analysis, Pole Zero Plots, Root Locus Calibration, Root
Locus Design, and unstable high performance Aircraft,
Control, of a Flexible Spacecraft.
Digital Control :
Analog To Digital, Ditgital to Analog Conversion, Sample
& Hold, Discrete Time Signal, Z-Transforms, Sampling,
Reconstruction of Signals from Samples, Direct Digital
Control.
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BM304
BIOMEDICAL STATISTICS (4+0)
Probability and distributions. Estimation and hypothesis
testing. Associations between disease and risk factors
Linear models; analysis of variance, simple and multiple
regression, discriminant analysis. Distribution - free
- methods. Analysis of survival data. Experiment design.
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| BM308 BIOINSTRUMENTATION-1
(3+1) Introduction to Biomedical
Instrumentation, Development of Biomedical Instrumentation,
Problems encountered in measuring living systems.
Cardiovascular Measurement :
Electro-Cardiography, Measurement of Blood pressure, Blood
flow and Cardiac output
RE*: ECG, DEFIBRILLATOR, B.P. APPRATUS,
CARDIOGRAPHIC, CARDIAC OUTPUT METER
PATIENT CARE AND MONITORING :
Diagnosis, Calibration, and repairability of patient monitoring
equipment, Pacemakers and Defibrillators.
RE*: PATIENT MONITORS, ANGIOGRAPHY, DEFIBRILLATOR
MEASUREMENT IN THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM : Gas Exchange and distribution, Respiratory
therapy equipment.
RE*: LIFE SAVING EQUIPMENT, ANESTHESIA,
O.T AND THERAPEUTIC
NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTATION
Temp: measurement, principles of Ultrasonic measurement.
RE*: VARIOUS TEMP: MEASURING EQUIPMENT,
US MACHINE
BIOTELEMETRY
Physiological parameters
Adaptable to biotelemetry, Components of biotelemetry
system, Implantable units.
RE*: ENERGY EQUIPMENT FOR ACUTE PATIENT,
CARDIOVASCULAR EQUIPMENT
X-RAY AND RADIOISOTOPE INSTRUMENTATION
Generation of Ionization radiation, Instrumentation for
diagnostic X-rays, Instrumentation for the Medical use
of Radio-Isotopes, Radiation Therapy.
RE*: GENERAL RADIOGRAPHY, FLUOROSCOPY, C.T, MRI, MAMOGRAPHY,
LITHTRIPTOR, MOBILE C-ARM, GAMMA CAMERA, RADIO-THERAPIC
EQUIPMENT.
Note: Concept of each equipment will
cover following points.
a) Principle of its operation
b) Building blocks of circuits involved in each equipment/system
c) Techniques involved in each equipment/system
d) Knowledge of selection/Inspection/Installation/Commissioning/Trouble
shooting/ Repair and maintenance of each equipment/system.
RE*: RELATED EQUIPMENT
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BM309
APPLICATION OF FILTER DESIGN IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3+1)
Filter circuit Concepts, Advantages of active over passive
filters, Basic filter theory, Filter types, The Butterworth
approximation, The Chebychev approximation, Biquadratic
filter circuits, Passive filter circuit design, The design
of doubly terminated L-C filters, Gyrator based filter
circuits, Sensitivity, Switched Capacitor Filters. Application
of Band filters for noise reduction, Band Pass filters
for low frequencies used in Bio-medical equipment.
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| BM311 CIRCULATORY
CONTROL IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3+1) Heart
: General discussion of Circulatory System, Circulating
body fluids, Anatomy of the Heart, Heart as a Pump, Cardiac
Geometry and Structure, Cardiac Pump function, Myocardial
material properties, Ventricular mechanics, Mechanics
of the Heart Valves, Pathology of Heart
Dynamics of Blood & Lymph
Flow : General discussion of the Vessels Biophysical
consideration of Blood, Methods and equipment for measuring
blood pressure, Arterial circulation, Capillary circulation,
Venous circulation, Lymphatic circulation, Transport of
O2 and CO2, Transport of solutes and H2O, Mechanics and
deformability of Hematocytes, Pathology of Blood and Vessels,
Basic Concepts of tissue/Lymphatic transport, Clinical
disorder of tissue Lymphatic transport
Control and Regulation of the
Circulation:
Introduction : Local regulatory Mechanisms,
Systemic Regulation by Hormones, Systemic Regulation by
the Nervous System; Control of Intracellular Fluid; Control
of Extracellular Fuild; Pathology of Extracellular Fluid;
Overview of Haemodialysis; Machine and Artificial Heart.
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BM319
SEMINARS ON BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING (0+1)
Discussion on current topics in Biomedical Engineering
and related fields. (Reference: Journals, magazines, Internship
reports, leaflets, etc.) (Class to be divided into 4 or
5 groups. One group to be active participant each week.)
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BM401
BIOMATERIALS (3+1)
Fundamental materials; properties considered for biological
materials; Thermodynamic, informational and structural
properties; Implant materials: Metal, ceramic, polymeric
material. Consideration of design and control of the interface
between tissues and the material; interaction of materials
with body: corrosion, biomechanics, and biocompatibility.
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| BM402 BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERING SYSTEM ( 3+1) Topics :
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Fundamental Concepts
Imaging Principles
Magnetic Resonance Equipment and Images
ONCOLOGY
Fundamental Concepts, Equipment
INTRODUCTION TO OPTHALMOLOGY
Fundamental concepts
Application, Equipment
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL LASER
Fundamental concepts, Limitations
Application in various Medical field
RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING
Fundamental Concepts
Generation of X-ray, Image intensifier, Image noise, Radio
graphic film and quality Computed Radiography
Computed Tomography introduction
MEDICAL INFORMATICS
Hospital information systems
Computer based patient records
Computer networks in healthcare
Design issues in developing clinical decision support
and monitoring systems
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Information about Medical gases and Vaccum system
Study of Anesthesia equipment
CONCEPT OF DENTAL SYSTEM
RELATED EQUIPMENT
• MRI
• MEDICAL INFORMATIONS P.C. BASED
• GENERAL ANESTHESIA
• OPTHALMOLOGY
• MEDICAL LASER
• DENTAL EQUIPMENTS
• GAMMA CAMERA
• OPERATION THEATRE
• OTHER DEPARTMENTS SUCH AS: UROLOGY, ENT, ORTHOPAEDIC,
PAEDIATRIC, ENT, GYNAECOLOGY AND PHYSIOTHERAPY AND REHABILITATION.
Note : Concept of each equipment will cover following
points:
a) Principle of its operation.
b) Building blocks of circuits involved in each equipment/system.
c) Techniques involved in each equipment/system.
d) Knowledge of selection/Inspection/Installation/Commissioning
Trouble shooting/ repair and maintenance of each equipment/system.
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BM403
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (3+1) Discrete time
signals & systems:
Z-transform;
discrete time network; Discrete Fourier transform; Fast
Fourier Transform;
Impulse; filter design techniques for IIR and FIR filters;
Application to RADAR;
Digital Signal Processor (DSP); DSP based systems; DSP hardware
& DSP device (with special reference to TMS or any other
popular family);
Digital Image Processing;
Noise in communication systems,
Biomedical signal analysis.
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BM404MEDICAL
IMAGING (3+1)
Fundamentals of producting a Medical image, image collection
techniques, image reconstruction algorithms detailed examination
of four main areas of medical imaging: Nuclear Medicine,
Ultrasound, Diagnostic radiology, Magnetic Resonance Imagine,
Clinical application of each area.
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| BM411 HEALTH CARE
MANAGEMENT (3+1) Health care
Delivery Systems. Hospital Organizational Structure. Economics
of Health care Codes, Standards and Regulations. Hospital
information flow and Handling. Safety Programs, Equipment
Acquisition, Equipment Control program, Preventive maintenance
and repair Facilities, Educational responsibilities.
Management and Supervision, Legal,
Professional and Ethical Aspects, Resources, Duties &
functions of administrative (medical & para-medical
) staff. Hospital Planning. Knowledge of various Hospital
services (support services equipment) viz Electrical appliance,
CSSD Safety, A.C Plant, Audio & Visual & lifts)
covering aspects of Planning, designing, installing, Commissioning
& maintenance.
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| BM413 INTRODUCTION
TO NEURAL NETWORKS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3+1) Prerequisite
by Topics : Concepts of Physiology, discrete
mathematics, probability.
Topics :
1. Basic Neuroscience
2.Introduction to neural networks and fuzzy systems
3. Mathematical fundamentals of Graph Theory
4. Neuron dynamics activation models
5. Unsupervised & supervised learning
6. Feed forward & feedback networks
7. Mapping networks
8. Introduction to Adaptive fuzzy systems
9. Application of neural networks in biomedical Engg.
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| BM418 BIO INSTRUMENTATION-II
(3+1) METHODS OF SEPARATING SUSPENDED PARTICLES
FROM A LIQUID RE*: Centrifuge machine
OPTICAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS
RE*: Spectrophotometer
FLOUROMETRIC AND PHOSPHOROMETRIC METHODS. RE*: Flourometer
and Phosphorometer
FLAME PHOTOMETRY. RE*: Flame Photometer
SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS.
RE*: Spectrophotometer
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.
RE*: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS. RE*: pH meter &
different electrodes
STUDY OF SERUM PROTEIN BY DEVELOPMENT OF PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS.
RE*: Electrophoresis Equipment.
CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES.
RE* : Column Chromatography equipment, Densitometer, Liquid
Chromatography system, Gas Chromatography system
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS.
RE*: Automated Chemistry Analyzers
STUDY OF DIFFERENT BLOOD COMPONENTS THROUGH AUTOMATED
CELL COUNTER. RE*: Automated Hematology systems
BLOOD BANKING AND TRANSFUSION SERVICE AUTOMATION. RE*:
Automated Blood Banking System
Note : Concept of each equipment will
cover following points:
a) Principle of its operation
b) Building blocks of circuit involved in each equipment/system
c) Techniques involve in each equipment/System.
d) Knowledge of selection/ Inspection/Installation/Commissioning/Trouble
shooting/ Repair and Maintenance of each equipment/System
RE*: Related Equipments
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BM419
APPLICATION OF ROBOTICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGG. (3+1)
The elements of an industrial robot, Mechanisms and robot
configurations ; Wrists, grippers and mobility: Actuating
systems: Modeling and control: Feed back components; Computer
control; External sensing and intelligence: Robot applications:
Safety and social factors. Application of Robotics in
healthcare, PLC-Biomedical oriented.
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BM499
PROJECT (0+6)
To give the students a chance for enhancing their technical
capabilities by implementing theoretical & practical
knowledge in the field of Research & development (for
semester VII & VIII).
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